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When the name of an author is part of a sentence, place the year of publication (and in case of a direct citation the page after a colon) between brackets after the name. For example: “Platje (2003: 243) discusses selected problems of economic transformation …”
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When the name of the author is not part of the sentence, you put between brackets the name of the author, year of publication and page number: “Logistic issues are considered to be important in waste management (Platje, 2003: 242).”
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When the same author or publication is discussed more times in a row, do not use
the form “ibid.”!
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When there are more than one author not cited directly in the text, please use semicolon in the brackets: “Some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve (Smith, 2002: 20-24; West, 1999: 145)…
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When there are more than one author directly cited in the text, please put simply the year of publication and page numbers in brackets: “Smith (2002: 20-24) and West (1999: 145) argue, that some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve …”.
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When there are two authors for the same work, place both surnames in brackets, if they are cited indirectly: “Some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve (Smith and West, 2000: 43)
…”; or in the text, if they are cited directly: “Smith and West (2000: 43) argue, that some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve …”.
Please do not use “&”!
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When there are more than two authors for a work, only first author should be used, followed by “et al.” meaning “and others”: “Smith et al. (2002: 36) claim, that ….”; or: “Latest research (Smith et al., 2002: 36)
has found …”.
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When there are several works by one author in different years cited, you should put in brackets the year of each publication: “Platje (2003, 2006) discusses selected problems of economic transformation ….”;
or:“Logistic issues are considered to be important in waste management (Platje, 2003: 35, 2006: 46).”
If you also cite page number, use comma between publications from different years: “Platje (2003: 35, 2006: 46) discusses selected problems of economic transformation …”.
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When there are several works by one author in the same year cited, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the year for each item: “Smith (2002a) argues, that some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve … but later research (2002b) found that …”.
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When you use secondary sources (second-hand references), you should cite both authors: “Smith (2002, cited in Jones, 2007: 202) argues, that some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve …”.
That means you read the publication of Jones (2007) and you found the opinion of Smith (2002) there. If you do not cite Smith directly: “Some problems of sustainable development are not easy to solve … (Smith, 2002, cited in Jones, 2007: 202)”.
The reference list at the end of your article should include both sources.
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If there is a publication cited, which was prepared by an organisation, institution etc., you should put the name of the organisation, institution etc. in the brackets, if you cite the source indirectly: “There are a lot of conditions of a sustainable urban transport (OECD, 1995: 220-256) …”;
or if you cite it directly: “OECD (1995: 220-256) argues, that there are a lot of conditions of a sustainable urban transport”.
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If you cite an article published online, you should follow all guidelines given above, but in the reference list you should give full online address and the date of accession (see below). If there is no author of the publication, article or information given, you should place the name of organisation, institution etc. in the brackets. For example, when you read an information on the European Commission website (and there is no author given): “There are a lot of externalities caused by the road transport (European Commission, 2009) …”
; or: “According to the European Commission (2009) there are a lot of externalities caused by the road transport…”.
This information you found on the European Commission website and you accessed it in 2009 (for further information, see below).
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If you put a table or a figure in the text, you should follow the exemplar below:
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